Freight Shipping from Iran to Singapore: Receive Quick Quotes and Instant Shipping Rates

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Shipping company from Iran, freight rates for FTL and LTL shipping in Iran

At FWFreight, we pride ourselves on offering first-rate freight shipping from Iran to Singapore and international shipping from Iran, ensuring our clients' goods reach their destination seamlessly and on schedule. Our core services focus on the speedy, efficient, and cost-effective movement of goods via sea, air, rail, and truck, providing our clients with the best solution to their logistics needs. Whether you’re a domestic exporter looking to deliver goods within Iran or a global importer sourcing items from abroad, FWFreight has the capacity and network to make it happen smoothly.

From a service perspective, our company is relentless in providing a top-tier customer experience. We approach each client's request with utmost professionalism, tailoring our services to meet their individual needs—no shipment is too large, too small, or too complex for us. Our company's competitive advantage stems from our commitment to flexibility, dependability, and excellent communication, which aids us in delivering the finest logistic solutions worldwide. We don't just ship your goods - we build trust, surpassing expectations on every level, in every corner of the globe. Our dedication to your satisfaction makes us the best in the world, serving every customer with efficiency, precision, and care.

Iran to Singapore Top 5 Export Goods

Shipping company from Iran to SingaporeThe graph shows the top 5 export goods from Iran to Singapore in 2018. The category of Animal products had a total export value of $5.727 million. This category likely includes items such as meat, dairy products, and other animal-derived goods. These products are important exports for Iran and contribute significantly to the country's economy. The percentage of the total export volume represented by animal products would need to be calculated to fully understand their significance in the overall export market.

Exports in the animal products category are important to Iran as they represent a valuable source of income for the country. These goods are likely produced in various regions of Iran, with a focus on areas known for agriculture and livestock farming. Regions such as Fars, Isfahan, and Khorasan are known for their agricultural production and may be key contributors to the export of animal products to Singapore. By exporting these goods, Iran can strengthen its trade relationships and boost its economy.

In Singapore, these animal products are important for import as they fulfill the demand for meat and dairy products in the country. Singapore is a small island nation with limited agricultural resources, so it relies heavily on imports to meet the needs of its population. The imported animal products likely come from regions known for their high-quality agricultural production, such as Iran. By importing these goods, Singapore can ensure a stable food supply for its residents and support its food industry.

Iran to Singapore All Product Export

Shipping company from Iran to SingaporeThe graph shows the All Product Export from Iran to Singapore in US dollars (mil) over a span of 20 years, from 1992 to 2018. The data reveals significant fluctuations in export values during this period, with some years showing substantial increases while others experienced declines. The highest export value was recorded in 2010 at $2,406.5 million, representing a peak in trade between the two countries. On the other hand, the lowest values were seen in 2002, 2005, and 2010, with exports amounting to $7.6 million, $0 million, and $5.7 million respectively. Overall, there was a general upward trend in export values from Iran to Singapore, with noticeable fluctuations in certain years.

Over the 20-year period, Iran exported a variety of product groups to Singapore. Major product categories included oil and gas products, chemicals, machinery and equipment, food products, and textiles. Oil and gas products were consistently the largest export category, reflecting Iran's significant role as an oil producer. Chemicals and machinery and equipment also accounted for a substantial portion of exports, highlighting Iran's diverse export base. Additionally, food products and textiles were also notable export categories, showcasing Iran's range of exportable goods to Singapore. The trade relationship between Iran and Singapore has evolved over the years, with both countries benefiting from the exchange of goods and strengthening their economic ties.

Iran's ports

Shipping company from Iran- Bandar Abbas Port: Bandar Abbas Port is the largest port in Iran, located in the southern province of Hormozgan. It serves as a major hub for both commercial and container shipping, handling a large volume of imports and exports. The port is strategically important due to its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, a key chokepoint for global oil transportation.

- Bandar Anzali Port: Bandar Anzali Port is situated on the Caspian Sea in the northern province of Gilan. It is a vital gateway for trade with countries bordering the Caspian Sea, such as Russia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan. The port primarily deals with bulk cargo shipments, including grain, oil, and construction materials.

- Bandar Mahshahr Port: Bandar Mahshahr Port is located in the southwestern province of Khuzestan, near the city of Mahshahr. It is a major industrial port, handling a significant portion of Iran's petrochemical exports. The port is equipped with modern facilities for loading and unloading liquid and dry bulk cargo.

- Bushehr Port: Bushehr Port is situated on the Persian Gulf coast in the province of Bushehr. It plays a crucial role in facilitating trade with neighboring Gulf countries, such as the UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar. The port is known for its efficient container handling operations, serving as a key transshipment hub in the region.

- Khorramshahr Port: Khorramshahr Port is located near the Iraqi border in the province of Khuzestan. It is a major port on the Arvand Rud River, handling a variety of cargo, including containerized goods, dry bulk, and general merchandise. The port is strategically important for trade between Iran and Iraq.

- Kish Island Port: Kish Island Port is situated on Kish Island in the Persian Gulf. The port is a free trade zone, attracting a high volume of commercial shipping traffic. It serves as a vital gateway for imports and exports, particularly for goods destined for the Iranian mainland. Kish Island Port is known for its duty-free shopping and tourism-related activities.

Other ports in Iran include: Chabahar Port, Imam Khomeini Port, Neka Port, Shahid Rajaee Port.

Ports in Singapore

Shipping company from Singapore- Singapore Port: Singapore Port is the largest and busiest port in Singapore, handling a significant portion of the country's maritime trade. It is a major hub for container shipping, handling millions of TEUs annually. The port is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and infrastructure to efficiently handle various types of cargo, including containers, bulk cargo, and liquid bulk. Singapore Port plays a crucial role in connecting Singapore to major global trade routes.

- Jurong Port: Jurong Port is another important port in Singapore, specializing in handling bulk and breakbulk cargo. It is strategically located in the southwestern part of Singapore, providing convenient access to industrial areas and transportation networks. Jurong Port is equipped with modern facilities and equipment to handle a wide range of cargo, including bulk commodities, project cargo, and general cargo. The port plays a vital role in supporting Singapore's industrial and economic activities.

- Keppel Terminal: Keppel Terminal is a key container terminal located within Singapore Port. It is operated by PSA International, one of the world's leading port operators. Keppel Terminal is equipped with advanced container handling equipment and technology to ensure efficient and reliable operations. The terminal serves as a major gateway for container shipping in the region, connecting Singapore to global trade networks.

- Tanjong Pagar Terminal: Tanjong Pagar Terminal is another container terminal within Singapore Port, managed by PSA Singapore Terminals. It is strategically located in the central part of Singapore, offering convenient access to major transportation routes. Tanjong Pagar Terminal is equipped with modern infrastructure and facilities to handle a large volume of containers efficiently. The terminal plays a crucial role in facilitating the flow of goods and cargo in and out of Singapore.

- Sembawang Wharves: Sembawang Wharves is a key port in Singapore, specializing in handling general and project cargo. It is located in the northern part of Singapore, providing easy access to industrial areas and transportation networks. Sembawang Wharves is equipped with versatile facilities and equipment to handle a wide range of cargo, including steel products, machinery, and equipment. The port serves as an important gateway for trade and logistics activities in the region.

Freight Forwarders in Iran, Singapore

Looking for a freight forwarder in Iran and Singapore? There is a list of the best freight forwarders, cargo agents, air, sea, land, river, railroad transport companies, logistics, brokers cargo services in Iran and Singapore. Elevate your business's supply chain effectiveness by selecting the ideal freight forwarding partner.

Freight Forwarders in Iran, Singapore
AM Global Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Aspac Aircargo Services Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Best Global Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
EASYPARCEL SINGAPORE PTE. LTD.,
Singapore,
Singapore
G. T. Freight Forwarders (S) Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Global Alliance Logistics,
Singapore,
Singapore
Jaberson Technology,
Singapura,
Singapore
LCH Logistics Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Lee Hoe Transport Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Union Air Freight (S) Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
WORLD TRANSPORT OVERSEAS ALBANIA SHPK,
Tirane,
Iran
AM Global Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Aspac Aircargo Services Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Best Global Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
EASYPARCEL SINGAPORE PTE. LTD.,
Singapore,
Singapore
G. T. Freight Forwarders (S) Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Global Alliance Logistics,
Singapore,
Singapore
Jaberson Technology,
Singapura,
Singapore
LCH Logistics Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Lee Hoe Transport Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
Union Air Freight (S) Pte Ltd,
Singapore,
Singapore
WORLD TRANSPORT OVERSEAS ALBANIA SHPK,
Tirane,
Iran
Company Name
Country
Location
Get an instant quote
AM Global Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Aspac Aircargo Services Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Best Global Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
EASYPARCEL SINGAPORE PTE. LTD.
Singapore
Singapore
G. T. Freight Forwarders (S) Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Global Alliance Logistics
Singapore
Singapore
Jaberson Technology
Singapore
Singapura
LCH Logistics Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Lee Hoe Transport Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Union Air Freight (S) Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
WORLD TRANSPORT OVERSEAS ALBANIA SHPK
Iran
Tirane
Company Name
Country
Location
Get an instant quote
AM Global Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Aspac Aircargo Services Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Best Global Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
EASYPARCEL SINGAPORE PTE. LTD.
Singapore
Singapore
G. T. Freight Forwarders (S) Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Global Alliance Logistics
Singapore
Singapore
Jaberson Technology
Singapore
Singapura
LCH Logistics Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Lee Hoe Transport Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
Union Air Freight (S) Pte Ltd
Singapore
Singapore
WORLD TRANSPORT OVERSEAS ALBANIA SHPK
Iran
Tirane

Maximize your logistics efficiency between Iran and Singapore by partnering with premier freight forwarders. These expert forwarders invest time to deeply understand your unique shipping requirements. Through a personalized and meticulous approach, they guarantee seamless shipment execution across borders, ensuring timely arrivals at every destination.

Dedicated Account Manager
Dedicated Account Manager
Your personal manager, available via chat and phone. They'll handle your order, find the right vehicle, and prepare all necessary documents.
Reliable Transport
Reliable Transport
We partner with experienced drivers who have passed our rigorous screening. They're fully documented and boast an accident-free driving history.
All-inclusive Cargo Solutions
All-inclusive Cargo Solutions
We handle it all: individual vehicles, combined loads, out-of-gauge cargo, and containerized shipments.
Best Price Guarantee
Best Price Guarantee
Our rates are 30% less than individual providers and major companies. Upfront rate, no surprises.
Get a Shipping Quote
Leave your contact details, and we'll call you back with a price estimate.
Shipping Container Dimensions
20 ft container dimensions

This container type is ideal for small to medium shipments and is favored for its ease of handling and efficiency in space utilization during transport and storage.

  • Usable Capacity: 32.6m³
  • Exterior Dimensions:
  • Length: 20’ (5.898m)
  • Width: 8’ (2.352m)
  • Height: 8’ 6” (2.393m)
20 ft container dimensions

This container type is ideal for small to medium shipments and is favored for its ease of handling and efficiency in space utilization during transport and storage.

  • Usable Capacity: 32.6m³
  • Exterior Dimensions:
  • Length: 20’ (5.898m)
  • Width: 8’ (2.352m)
  • Height: 8’ 6” (2.393m)
40 ft container dimensions

This container is suitable for large shipments and is extensively used in global shipping for a wide variety of goods, combining space efficiency with cost-effectiveness.

  • Usable Capacity: 67.7m³
  • Exterior Dimensions:
  • Length: 40’ (12.19m)
  • Width: 8’ (2.352m)
  • Height: 8’ 6” (2.393m)
40 ft container dimensions

This container is suitable for large shipments and is extensively used in global shipping for a wide variety of goods, combining space efficiency with cost-effectiveness.

  • Usable Capacity: 67.7m³
  • Exterior Dimensions:
  • Length: 40’ (12.19m)
  • Width: 8’ (2.352m)
  • Height: 8’ 6” (2.393m)
40 hc container dimensions

Extra height of this container makes it particularly suitable for light, bulky items or when slightly more vertical space is required, adding flexibility to the shipping and storage options available.

  • Usable Capacity: 76m³
  • Exterior Dimensions:
  • Length: 40’ (12.032m)
  • Width: 8’ (2.350m)
  • Height: 8’ 10” (2.700m)
40 hc container dimensions

Extra height of this container makes it particularly suitable for light, bulky items or when slightly more vertical space is required, adding flexibility to the shipping and storage options available.

  • Usable Capacity: 76m³
  • Exterior Dimensions:
  • Length: 40’ (12.032m)
  • Width: 8’ (2.350m)
  • Height: 8’ 10” (2.700m)

At FWFreight, we offer comprehensive international container shipping services tailored to meet your needs. We provide efficient and reliable shipping solutions from Iran to Singapore. Here's a breakdown of our shipping options:


LCL from Iran to Singapore (Less than Container Load):
For smaller shipments that don't fill an entire container, our LCL service is the perfect solution. We consolidate multiple shipments into one container, saving you time and money. With regular departures to Singapore from Iran. Your cargo will reach its destination securely and on schedule.


FCL from Iran to Singapore (Full Container Load):
If you have enough cargo to fill a whole container, our FCL service offers exclusive use of a container. This ensures your goods remain secure and minimizes the risk of damage during transit. Choose to 20 FT, 40 FT, or 40 HC containers, depending on the volume and nature of your cargo.


Air Freight from Iran to Singapore:
When time is of the essence, our air freight service provides swift delivery for urgent shipments. With extensive networks and partnerships, we guarantee efficient handling and timely delivery of your cargo to Singapore to destinations across the globe.


At FWFreight, we pride ourselves on delivering exceptional service and competitive shipping rates from Iran to Singapore. Whether you're shipping LCL, FCL, or air freight, you can trust us to handle your cargo with care and precision. Contact us today to learn more about our services and to get a personalized shipping quote.

Instant Shipping Rates from Iran to Singapore

Below is a table with Shipping Rates from Iran to Singapore for various types of containers. You can use these Quick Quotes from Iran to Singapore as a guideline. To get an Instant Rate from Iran to Singapore for the necessary date, you can send a request.

from Iran
20 FT
40 FT
40 HC
802 $
1080 $
1167 $
731 $
936 $
1034 $
LTL shipping
Flatbed
Dry Van
Refrigerated

For container transportation from Iran to Singapore, various factors come into play. The size of the shipping container, the type of goods to be shipped, distance of the destination, and the shipping method (either Full Container Load or Less than Container Load) all directly affect the cost.

Get a Shipping Quote
Leave your contact details, and we'll call you back with a price estimate.
Want a Shipping Quote?
Fill out the form, and we'll reach out.
  1. Submit your request
  2. We call back to gather cargo details
  3. Quote the final cost
  4. Assign a dedicated manager
  5. Handle all paperwork
  6. Guarantee on-time pickup
  7. Safely transport to your destination
  8. Process your payment
  9. Send final documents within 3 days
Frequently Asked Questions
Pricing and Payment
Do you need prepayment?
— No. We work without prepayment. Pay when we deliver your cargo to your location: before unloading.
Will the price change by the end of the trip?
— No. You will pay exactly the price that we fixed in the contract.
At what stage of transportation do I need to pay?
— When the truck delivers your cargo to the address: before unloading.
How long does it take to calculate the cost of cargo transportation?
— Usually our first call is enough time for this. But if the cargo needs to be transported along a difficult route, or the cargo is oversized, it may take a little longer.
Another question?
— When the truck delivers your cargo to the address: before unloading.
Delivery Terms
How many days before transportation should I leave a request?
— We process urgent requests directly on the day of application, but it is better to leave the request at least 2 days before the departure date. It will be cheaper this way. It is worth considering that a permit for the transportation of oversized cargo takes from 2 to 10 working days.
How long will it take to deliver the goods?
— On average, a car travels up to 600 km per day. Based on this, you can calculate approximate delivery times. For example, a car from Moscow to Samara will deliver cargo in about 2 days (1200 km: 600 km/day = 2 days). In some regions of Russia, cars drive slower due to the difficult climate and terrain. We warn about such situations in advance.
Can you do it faster?
— Drivers drive adequately on time: without unnecessary downtime. Now they strictly ensure that drivers get enough sleep and rest; this is recorded on the tachograph and on-board recorder, which are in every car. We work with drivers who follow the rules. It’s safer this way: the risk of accidents is lower and there are no fines.
How to resolve a force majeure situation?
— A personal manager will be in touch and will help resolve any questions that arise: via chat and by phone. We quickly respond to changes in cargo volume or characteristics and other additions. We promptly update the contract according to new conditions.
How to track the cargo?
— If necessary, we will provide a full report on the location of the car.
Does the cargo need to be delivered somewhere or will it be picked up from the address?
— You don’t need to bring it anywhere, the car will drive to the specified address. At loading, you need to give the driver 3 copies of the consignment note with signatures and seals: he will give 2 copies at unloading, and 1 copy will be transferred to our company office for reporting.
Paperwork and Guarantees
When will I receive closing documents?
— Your personal manager - logistician will begin preparing documents immediately after unloading. He will send them to you no later than 3 working days.
Are you working under a contract?
— Yes. We draw up a contract for each shipment. This way you can be sure that all agreements, including the price, are fixed and will not change.
How is the contract signed?
— We will send you a completed agreement with a stamp and signature via chat or email. There you will confirm the order.
Are the goods insured?
— If necessary, we will help you obtain cargo insurance from our partners: the cost is calculated individually and depends on the value of the cargo, the transportation distance and the number of risk factors.
Movers
Do you have your own movers? Is unloading included in the cost of transportation?
— No. We work with partners in whom we are confident. These are not “scheming” companies, but companies with professional teams. Therefore, the loaders are always sober, do not break fragile cargo and arrive on time. We only charge for shipping. Partner services are paid separately.
How many times will my cargo be transferred from vehicle to vehicle?
— We do not reload cargo from vehicle to vehicle. We accept the cargo and deliver it to the desired address using the same vehicle. No cargo collection terminals.
Oversized cargo
What cargo is considered oversized?
— These are loads that do not fit into a standard truck bed. Internal dimensions of the Eurotruck body (length-width-height): 13.6m*2.45m*2.5m. There are also heavy loads - this is anything heavier than 21 tons. To transport oversized and heavy cargo, you must obtain a transportation permit. Our logistician can help with this too.
How long does it take to obtain a permit to transport oversized cargo?
— From 2 to 10 working days. The period depends on the weight, size of the cargo, as well as the complexity of the route.
Can I send frozen products? Transporting perishable products?
— Yes, we transport perishable and frozen foods in refrigerators. Thus, throughout the entire journey, food is stored as if in a refrigerator – at a constant temperature.
Do you transport goods with a hazard class?
— No, we do not transport such cargo.
Are you applying for a permit to transport oversized cargo?
— Yes, we are preparing permits for the transportation of oversized cargo.
Shipping Features
How many vehicles will carry my cargo along the chain?
— One car from start to finish: no substitution of cars and reloading of cargo along the way.
Will you find cover and escort vehicles?
— Yes, if necessary, we will find cover and escort vehicles.
Can I carry cargo with a passenger?
— Yes, we will transport cargo with a passenger over a distance of up to 500 kilometers. If the distance is greater, the passenger must be negotiated directly with the driver. Here we cannot promise that he will agree.
Shipping route from Iran to Singapore

Shipping route from Iran to Singapore The average transit time for shipping cargo from Iran to Singapore via sea freight is approximately 14-21 days. This duration can vary depending on factors such as the specific ports of departure and arrival, the shipping route taken, and any potential delays in the logistics process. The distance between the two countries, which is around 3,600 kilometers by sea, also plays a significant role in determining the transit time. Additionally, external factors such as weather conditions, port congestion, and vessel schedules can impact the overall shipping time.

When it comes to customs procedures, both Iran and Singapore have specific requirements that need to be met before cargo can be cleared for entry. On average, customs clearance in Iran can take anywhere from 3-7 days, depending on the nature of the goods being shipped and the completeness of the documentation provided. In Singapore, customs clearance typically takes around 2-5 days, again subject to the same variables. To ensure a smooth and efficient transportation process between Iran and Singapore, it is recommended to work with a reputable freight forwarding company such as FWFreight, who specialize in providing reliable and timely transport services on this route.

Singapore's freight rates

Shipping company to Iran, freight rates for FTL and LTL shipping in IranAt FWFreight, we specialize in ‘Freight Shipping to Singapore’, providing comprehensive logistics solutions that are tailored to meet the specific needs of our clientele. Our core services have been designed for domestic exporters and global importers who require reliable and timely Cargo delivery. Whether it's sea, air, rail, or truck transportation, we ensure your goods reach their destination intact and on schedule. With our vast experience in 'international shipping to Singapore from other countries', we are unmatched in providing a seamless experience for our clients, making us the perfect partner for your shipping requirements.

From a service perspective, our shipping company is committed to delivering the best service in the world for every customer. We understand that in logistics, the needs of each client are unique, hence we offer tailored forwarding services that address the specific needs of each of our customers. At FWFreight, we pride ourselves on offering an unrivaled blend of exceptional customer service and competitive prices for all types of transportation. Our team is not only experienced but also dedicated to ensuring the safe, efficient, and timely delivery of your goods. Trusting us with your shipping needs means you're in the hands of professionals who will treat your goods with utmost care and attention they deserve.

Still have questions?
Still have questions?
Give us a call, and we'll find the most cost-effective shipping solution for you.
Customer Reviews
DirectCargo Exchange's Review
DirectCargo Exchange
Michael Collins

Hello! I wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude for the outstanding service provided by your company in the last couple of months. Despite facing unexpected delays from our side, your team's dedication and commitment to resolving them efficiently were highly appreciated. We greatly valued the competitive pricing offered alongside your exceptional service. Please accept our sincerest thanks for your partnership and unwavering support.

Dockwave International Services's Review
Dockwave International Services
Matthew Herrington

Good morning! I hope this message finds you well. I am writing to convey my sincere appreciation for the exceptional support and expertise provided by your team throughout all time of our partnership. Your attention to details, and proactive communication were invaluable to us, especially in navigating complex customs regulations. We are grateful for the competitive pricing offered alongside your unwavering support. We look forward to future collaborations.

Oceanlink Logistics's Review
Oceanlink Logistics
Tamara Brown

Hello. Just wanted to say it via phone call, But I can't because of cell phone service problems. So, allow me to extend my heartfelt gratitude for the remarkable service provided by your team during our recent international shipment. The way your team swiftly tackled the unexpected customs hurdles demonstrated not only professionalism but also a true dedication to customer satisfaction. It was evident that your competitive pricing was backed by an unwavering commitment to excellence. Please convey our sincerest thanks to your team for their outstanding performance.

Global Gateway Freight's Review
Global Gateway Freight
Adam Miller

I hope everything is going great for you. I wanted to express my appreciation for the tremendous support provided by your company throughout our time together. On more than one occasion we have experienced unforeseen delays at customs due to documentation errors, and your team's proactive approach and expertise always ensure a quick resolution. Your competitive pricing and willingness to go the extra mile to rectify the situation demonstrates a commitment to customer satisfaction that is truly commendable. This is the best service I have encountered!

Transworld Trade Connect's Review
Transworld Trade Connect
Sarah Evans

Good afternoon, once again I would like to emphasize the smooth work of your team. Every container shipment carries a variety of risks, and every time something out of the ordinary happened, your employees took the initiative that was needed at that moment. I hope that the tip we left you made up for the inconvenience. Thank you very much!

Tradetrack Transports's Review
Tradetrack Transports
Samuel Daniels Jr

I would like to say that this was the best transportation experience we have ever encountered. Every shipment we sent before we met you was so delayed that we were losing customers and paying huge amounts of money, but you were a godsend! During the long fifteen years of our work, we have encountered many different companies, but this is the first time we have seen such a level. I hope our partnership will last as long as possible.